Periods

From the first Greek natural philosophers to the closure of the Athenian schools, the era that laid the foundations of Western logic, ethics and metaphysics.

Philosophy in Latin Christendom, shaped by the recovery of Aristotle and the rise of the universities, and culminating in the scholastic syntheses of the thirteenth century.

The age of the new science, rationalism and empiricism, from Descartes to Kant.

The era of the great falsafa philosophers, who built on Greek philosophy translated into Arabic, from al-Kindi to Averroes.

The 'Hundred Schools of Thought' of the late Zhou dynasty, ending with the unification of China under the Qin in 221 BCE.